Storage device initiating maintenance operation actively without instruction of host and electronic system including the same

ABSTRACT

A storage device comprises a controller and a plurality of nonvolatile memory devices. Maintenance conditions of the nonvolatile memory devices are monitored internally by the storage device. Upon determining that a maintenance condition is satisfied, the storage device notifies an external host. The controller may perform the maintenance operations on the plurality of nonvolatile memory devices with little disruption to the host and assure data is reliably maintained by the nonvolatile memory devices.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/447,995 filed Jun. 21, 2019 which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0090894 filed on Aug. 3,2018 in Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of each ofwhich being incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an electronic device, and moreparticularly, relates to configurations and operations of a storagedevice for storing data.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Nowadays, various types of electronic devices are being used. Anelectronic device performs its own functions according to operations ofelectronic circuits included in the electronic device. The electronicdevice may provide a service to a user while operating solely or whilecommunicating with other electronic device.

A storage device is an example of electronic devices. The storage deviceis configured to store data in memory elements included in the storagedevice and to output the stored data. Accordingly, the storage deviceprovides a storage service to the user.

With the growth of electronic devices and corresponding growth ofelectronic communications, various types of data have diversified andthe amount of data to be stored has sharply increased. For this reason,the demand for a storage device to store a large amount of data reliablyand to process a large amount of data at high performance rate hasincreased. For example, when data of a plurality of bits is stored in asemiconductor memory element on a small circuit area, it is advantageousto store a large amount of data. However, as charge leakage of thesemiconductor memory element increases and a voltage margin for datadetermination decreases, data reliability may be degraded.

For example, the storage device may provide protection operations toprevent data reliability from being degraded. However, some storagedevices are configured to operate passively under control of otherelectronic devices. The passive operation of the storage device may beinsufficient to guarantee data reliability.

SUMMARY

A storage device may initiate and perform a maintenance operation ofnonvolatile memory contained therein without requiring an instruction ofa host.

Disclosed herein is a storage device and an electronic system includingthe storage device. According to some examples, the storage devicecomprises a controller and a plurality of nonvolatile memory devices.Maintenance conditions of the nonvolatile memory devices are monitoredinternally by the storage device. Upon determining that a maintenancecondition is satisfied, the storage device notifies the host. Thecontroller may perform the maintenance operations on the plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices with little disruption to the host and assuredata is reliably maintained by the nonvolatile memory devices.

According to some examples, the solid state storage device comprise aninterface to provide communication with a host, a plurality ofnonvolatile semiconductor memory devices, and a controller configured tobe in communication with the nonvolatile memory devices to access thenonvolatile memory devices and configured to be in communication withthe interface to receive commands from the host and communicate datawith the host.

The solid state storage device may be operable in a normal mode in whichthe plurality of nonvolatile memory devices are turned on and receivepower and the controller operates at a normal power consumption level,and may be operable in a power saving mode in which the plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices are turned off and in which the controlleroperates at a reduced power consumption level less than the normal powerconsumption level.

The controller may comprise a timer, the timer being configured to beinitiated upon the controller entering the power saving mode and beingconfigured to determine the lapse of a reference time. The controllermay be configured, in response to the timer determining a lapse of thereference time, to cause the storage device to send a notification tothe host to cause the host to initiate exiting of the power saving modeof the solid state storage device.

In some examples, the controller is configured, in response to thetimer, to initiate a read reclaim operation on one or more of theplurality of nonvolatile memory devices.

The solid state storage device may be connected to a power manager. Inthe normal mode of operation of the solid state storage device, thepower manager may provide main power to the solid state storage deviceand the controller is configured to access the nonvolatile memorydevices, to respond to commands received from the host and to transmitdata between the host and the plurality of nonvolatile memory devices.In the power saving mode of operation of the solid state storage device,the power manager may provide the auxiliary power to the solid statestorage device to operate only a portion of the solid state storagedevice and the plurality of semiconductor memory devices do not receiveany power.

In the power saving mode of operation of the solid state storage device,the controller may be configured to send a notification to the host tocause the host to initiate an exit of the power saving mode of the solidstate storage device, which may be an exit power saving mode command orcausing the power manager to switch from supplying auxiliary power tosupplying main power to the storage device.

In some examples, the controller comprises a status manager configuredto cause a maintenance notification to be sent to the host in responseto determining that one or more of the nonvolatile memory devicesrequire maintenance to provide a period of time in which the solid statestorage device may not be accessed by the host during which thecontroller may perform one or more maintenance operations on the one ormore nonvolatile devices. The status manager may be configured tomonitor an attribute of memory regions of the plurality of nonvolatilememory devices, such as one or more of, a wear level of each of thememory regions, an amount of invalid memory regions, an availablecapacity of the memory regions, lifespan of each of the memory regions,and reliability of data storage of each of the memory regions. Thestatus manager may cause the maintenance notification to be sent to thehost in response to a comparison of the monitored attribute to athreshold.

According to example embodiments, reliability, performance, andmanagement efficiency of a storage device may be improved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects and features of the present disclosure willbecome apparent from the following descriptions with reference to theaccompanying figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of anelectronic system which includes a storage device according to someexample embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example configurationassociated with a storage device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing an example operation of a storagedevice of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 4 to 6 are conceptual diagrams for describing an example operationof a storage device of FIG. 2 according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart describing an example operation of FIGS. 4 to 6.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are conceptual diagrams for describing an exampleoperation of a storage device of FIG. 2 according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart describing an example operation of FIGS. 8 and 9.

FIGS. 11 to 14 are conceptual diagrams for describing an exampleoperation of a storage device of FIG. 2 according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart describing an example operation of FIGS. 11 to14.

FIGS. 16 and 17 are block diagrams illustrating example configurationsassociated with a storage device of FIG. 2.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of anelectronic system which includes storage devices according to someexample embodiments.

FIGS. 19 and 20 are conceptual diagrams for describing exampleoperations of storage devices of FIG. 18.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Below, some example embodiments will be described in detail and clearlywith reference to the accompanying drawings such that those skilled inthe art can easily implement the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of anelectronic system 1000 which includes a storage device 1300 according tosome example embodiments.

The electronic system 1000 may include a main processor 1101, a workingmemory 1200, the storage device 1300, a communication block 1400, a userinterface 1500, a power manager 1600, and a bus 1900. For example, theelectronic system 1000 may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, atablet computer, a smart phone, a wearable device, a video game console,a server, an electric vehicle, home appliances, and/or another type ofelectronic device.

The main processor 1101 may control overall operations of the electronicsystem 1000, and may perform various arithmetic/logical operations. Forexample, the main processor 1101 may be implemented by a general-purposeprocessor, a special-purpose processor, and/or an application processor.The main processor 101 may include one or more processor cores.

The working memory 1200 may store data which is used in an operation ofthe electronic system 1000. For example, the working memory 1200 maytemporarily store data processed or to be processed by the mainprocessor 1101. For example, the working memory 1200 may be volatilememory (that does not retain data when power is not supplied thereto)such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), orsynchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and/or a nonvolatile memory (which retainsdata when power is not supplied thereto) such as a phase-change RAM(PRAM), a magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM), a resistive RAM (ReRAM), or aferroelectric RAM (FRAM).

The storage device 1300 may store data irrespective of whether power issupplied to the storage device 1300. For example, the storage device1300 may be nonvolatile memory such as NAND or NOR flash memory, PRAM,MRAM, ReRAM, or FRAM. For example, the storage device 1300 may be asolid state storage device, such as a solid state drive (SSD), a memorycard, or an embedded memory (each of which may be formed by and/orinclude nonvolatile memory cells formed as an integrated circuit withina semiconductor chip).

The communication block 1400 may support at least one of variouswireless/wired communication protocols to communicate with an externaldevice/system with respect to the electronic system 1000. The userinterface 1500 may include various input/output interfaces to arbitratecommunications between a user and the electronic system 1000.

The power manager 1600 may supply power to components of the electronicsystem 1000. The power manager 1600 may receive power from an externalpower source and/or a battery. The power manager 1600 may comprise avoltage supply to suitably convert the received external power (e.g., anexternal voltage) to a converted internal power (e.g., an internalvoltage) for the components of the electronic system 1000.

The bus 1900 may provide a communication path between components of theelectronic system 1000. The components of the electronic system 1000 mayexchange data with one another in compliance with a bus format of thebus 1900. For example, the bus format may conform to one or more ofvarious interface protocols such as universal serial bus (USB), smallcomputer system interface (SCSI), peripheral component interconnectexpress (PCIe), mobile PCIe (M-PCIe), serial advanced technologyattachment (SATA), serial attached SCSI (SAS), nonvolatile memoryexpress (NVMe), universal flash storage (UFS), double data rate (DDR),low power DDR (LPDDR), etc.

The storage device 1300 may be implemented according to any of theexample embodiments of the present disclosure. The storage device 1300may initiate a maintenance operation independently without aninstruction of a host (e.g., the main processor 1101). Exampleconfigurations and example operations associated with the storage device1300 will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 20.

Exemplary details of storage device 1300 will be provided in thefollowing descriptions, but the present invention is not limitedthereto. The example embodiments may be employed in any type of devicewhich includes a semiconductor memory element. The followingdescriptions are provided to facilitate better understanding, and arenot intended to limit the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example configurationassociated with the storage device 1300 of FIG. 1.

As described with reference to FIG. 1, the main processor 1101 maycommunicate with the storage device 1300 through the bus 1900. In thepresent disclosure, an external device capable of accessing the storagedevice 1300 may be referred to as a “host” (e.g., a host 1100). The mainprocessor 1101 of FIG. 1 is an example of host 1100, but the presentinvention is not limited thereto.

The host 1100 may exchange data DAT with the storage device 1300. Thestorage device 1300 may provide a storage service to the host 1100 inresponse to a command CMD received from the host 1100. Signals, such asdata DAT, commands CMD, and addresses ADDR, may be exchanged betweenhost 1100 and storage device 1300 via signal interface 1351 of storagedevice 1300 and one or more signal lines (e.g., an external bus)extending between the host 1100 and storage device 1351. Signalinterface 1351 may communicate with controller 1330 (e.g., via aninternal bus of the storage device 1300) to exchange such signals.

For example, the host 1100 may provide the storage device 1300 with awrite request (i.e., a write command CMD) and data DAT as write data.The storage device 1300 may store the requested write data in responseto the write command. For example, the host 1100 may provide the storagedevice 1300 with a read request (a read command CMD). The storage device1300 may output requested read data to the host 1100 in response to theread command. For example, the host may provide the storage device 1300with a enter power saving mode command via signal interface 1351 tocause the storage device 1300 to enter the power saving mode describedherein. In some examples, the enter power saving mode command may be apower off command. In some examples, the host 1100 may provide thestorage device 1300 with an exit power saving mode command via signalinterface 1351.

The storage device 1300 may include one or more memory devices 1310 anda controller 1330. Memory devices 1311, 1312, . . . 1319 may be separatedevices, such as separate semiconductor memory chips or separatesemiconductor packages each comprising a plurality of semiconductormemory chips. It will be appreciated that the number of memory devicesincluded in the storage device 1300 may be variously changed ormodified. The memory devices 1310 and controller 1330 may be mounted toa substrate (e.g., printed circuit board such as a system printedcircuit board or a package substrate) and connected by a bus (e.g.,formed on the substrate) to provide signal communications therebetween.The controller 1330 may be connected to signal interface 1351 via a buson the substrate to communicate with host 1100. The substrate may alsoinclude wiring (and in some examples, switches) to connect a mainvoltage MNP (provided at power interface 1352) to the memory devices1310 and the controller 1330 and to connect an auxiliary voltage(provided at power interface 1352) to a subset of the devices/circuitsforming the storage device 1300 (as described herein). The memorydevices 1310, controller 1330, the substrate and their interconnectionsmay be formed and encased within a protective housing of the storagedevice 1300.

Each of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may store or outputdata requested by the host 1100. To this end, each of the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may include memory regions for storing data. Forexample, each of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may be orinclude a NAND-type flash memory semiconductor chip that may beimplemented according to a V-NAND scheme (such as a Z-NAND scheme). Forexample, each of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may be orcomprise SLC (single level cell) NAND or MLC (multi-level cell) NAND.SLC NAND comprise single level cell (SLC) memory cells that each storeonly a single bit of data. MLC NAND comprise memory cells that eachstore two or more bits of data, such as a triple-level cell (TLC) NAND,or a quad-level cell (QLC) NAND. In some examples, MLC NAND may alsocomprise SLC memory cells that store only a single bit of data each.

The controller 1330 may control overall operations of the storage device1300. For example, the controller 1330 may control the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 such that data is stored in the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 or is output from the memory devices 1311, 1312 .. . 1319. For example, the controller 1330 may perform a variety of dataprocessing (e.g., compression/decompression, encryption/decryption,encoding/decoding, etc.) on data which is exchanged with the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 (e.g., via wiring, such as a bus, betweenthe controller and the memory devices 1311, 1312, . . . 1319). In someexamples, the controller 1330 may be formed by a single semiconductorchip. In some examples, the controller 1330 may be formed by a pluralityof interconnected devices (e.g., interconnected semiconductor chips).

The memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 mayoperate using power received from the power manager 1600 via powerinterface 1352. For example, the controller 1330 may operate such thatdifferent power modes are provided. The different power modes mayprovide different operation states with regard to power. Main voltageMNP and auxiliary voltage AUXP supplied to the storage device 1300 viapower interface 1352 may be transmitted to controller 1330 and memorydevices 1310 as described elsewhere herein. Signal interface 1351 andpower interface 1352 may include terminals of the storage device 1300(e.g., pins, solder bumps, pads, etc.) to provide connection to otherexternal devices. Signal interface 1351 and power interface 1352constitute an interface of the storage device 1300 (i.e., use of“interface” may generically refer to either or both of the signalinterface 1351, power interface 1352, or portions thereof or otherterminals of the storage device 1300—whether separately located,separately formed, etc.).

For example, a first mode may be a normal mode in which the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 perform fulloperations while receiving full power. For example, a second mode may bea power saving mode in which the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319and the controller 1330 stop certain operations fully or partially.

For example, when a storage service of the storage device 1300 isrequired, the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller1330 may operate while receiving power in the normal mode (e.g., thecontroller 1330 may control the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319such that the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 store or outputdata).

For example, when the storage device 1300 is idle (e.g., when the dataDAT is not received or output) during a long time duration, it may beadvantageous to reduce power consumption of the storage device 1300. Inthis case, the controller 1330 may control the storage device 1300 suchthat supply of power to the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 isinterrupted and components of the controller 1330 stop an operationfully or partially. Supply of power to components which stop theoperation in the controller 1330 may also be interrupted.

Accordingly, power consumed by the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319and the controller 1330 in the normal mode may be greater than powerconsumed by the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller1330 in the power saving mode.

Switching between the normal mode and the power saving mode may beprovided under control of the host 1100 and/or the controller 1330. Whenthe host 1100 and/or the controller 1330 determines that the data DAThas not been communicated for a long time (e.g., no communication ofdata DAT between storage device 1300 and any external device, such ashost 1100, during a time period of a predetermined length), theoperation state of the storage device 1300 may be switched from thenormal mode to the power saving mode. When the host 1100 and/or thecontroller 1330 determines that communication of the data DAT is to beinitiated, the operation state of the storage device 1300 may beswitched from the power saving mode to the normal mode.

For example, to switch the operation state of the storage device 1300from the normal mode to the power saving mode, the host 1100 may providethe storage device 1300 with a enter power saving mode command CMD viasignal interface 1351 to cause the storage device 1300 to enter thepower savings mode described herein. The controller 1330 of the storagedevice 1300 may receive the enter power saving mode command from thehost 1100 and initiate the power saving mode of the storage device 1300(which may include storing data in a volatile cache memory (not shown)of the storage device 1300 in the nonvolatile memory devices 1310 and/orcopying data stored in volatile memory of the controller 1330 to thenonvolatile memory devices 1310, such as data of the status manager 1333and internal memory 1335 as described herein. Such data may includemetadata describing attributes of portions of the memory of memorydevices 1310 and may include one or more of logic to physical addressmapping tables, bad block addresses (identifying defective blocks ofmemory), defective word line addresses, defective bit line addresses,wear leveling information (e.g., erase count of each block of blocks ofmemory of the memory devices 1310), information identifying blocks ofmemory as free (available to be written to) or dirty (containing invaliddata and ready to be erased), information identifying pages of data asvalid or invalid, etc. The controller 1330 may turn off portions of thecontroller 1330, such as by providing internal instructions from theprocessor 1331 to other elements of the controller and/or by causingpower to be switched off (i.e., by operating a switch, such as atransistor) to other elements of the controller. A synchronizationcircuit (not shown) of the controller 1330, such as a delay-locked loop(DLL) circuit(s) and/or phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit(s) of thecontroller 1330, may be turned off as part of the controller 1330initiating the power saving mode of the storage device 1300. Such asynchronization circuit may provide timing (e.g., a clock) to the signalinterface 1351 to provide timing of latching of input signals by aninput buffer of the controller 1330 and/or timing of the output ofsignals by an output buffer of the controller 1330.

The operation state of the storage device 1300 may be switched from thepower saving mode to the normal mode by the host 1100 providing acommunication to the storage device 1300. For example, the host 1100 maycause the storage device 1300 to enter the normal mode by initiating theprovision of the main voltage MNP, which in turn may cause the mainvoltage MNP to be supplied to the controller 1330 and memory devices1310, turning on devices of the storage device 1300 that had beenpreviously turned off, such as turning on portions of the controller1330 that had been previously turned off, turning on the memory devices1310 and turning on a cache memory (not shown) of the storage device1300. In some examples, the host 1100 may cause the storage device 1300to enter the normal mode by providing a signal to controller 1330 viasignal interface 1351, causing the controller to switch power on to turnon devices of the storage device 1300 that had been previously turnedoff.

When the normal mode is required, the host 1100 may control the powermanager 1600 such that the power manager 1600 provides a main voltageMNP to the storage device 1300. In the normal mode, the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may operate receiving themain voltage MNP. On the other hand, when the power saving mode isrequired, supply of the main voltage MNP to the storage device 1300 maybe interrupted (i.e., not supplied). The main voltage MNP may be themain power supply of the storage device 1300.

In some example embodiments, in the power saving mode, the host 1100 maycontrol the power manager 1600 such that the power manager 1600 stopssupply of the main voltage MNP to the storage device 1300 and providesan auxiliary voltage AUXP (e.g., an auxiliary power) to the storagedevice 1300. For example, when the controller 1330 stops certainoperations of the storage device 1300 in the power saving mode, somecomponents of the controller 1330 may continue to operate using thereceived auxiliary voltage AUXP. For example, all components of thecontroller (processor 1331, timer 1332, status manager 1333, sensor1334, internal memory 1334) and all of the memory devices 1310 may havea power connection (e.g., by one or more wires) to the main voltage MNPsupplied by the power manager 1600 so that in a normal mode, all ofthese devices receive the main voltage MNP. In contrast, only a subsetof the components of the controller 1330 may have a power connection tothe auxiliary voltage AUXP and other components of the controller 1330and the memory devices 1310 do not have any connection to the auxiliaryvoltage AUXP. For example, in the power saving mode according to theembodiments described herein, the nonvolatile memory devices 1311, 1312,. . . 1319 may not receive any power. For example, in the power savingmode, all memory semiconductor chips, such as those that may form memorydevices 1310 and other semiconductor chips (e.g., volatile memory chipssuch as DRAM chips, SRAM chips, etc.) that may form cache memory (notshown) of the storage device 1300 may not be connected to any powersource and thus are turned off. In addition, in the power saving modeone or more semiconductor chips of controller 1330 may either have DLLor PLL circuits formed therein turned off (e.g., in a sleep mode of thatchip) or may not be connected to any power source. Thus, the powerconsumption level of the controller 1330 during the power saving modemay be reduced as compared to the normal power consumption level of thecontroller 1330 during the normal mode. In some examples, during thepower saving mode, all DLL or PLL circuits of any semiconductor chip ofthe storage device 1300 is off. Thus, in the power saving mode accordingto some examples, when main voltage MNP is not supplied to the storagedevice 1300 and auxiliary voltage AUXP is supplied to the storage device1300, only the subset of components of the controller 1330 may receivepower. For example, this subset of components of the controller 1330that receive auxiliary voltage AUXP may be timer 1332 and/or sensor1334. In some examples, the controller 1330 and/or storage device 1330may include an additional power manager (not shown) interposed betweenpower manager 1600 to receive both the main voltage MNP and theauxiliary voltage AUXP distribute the same to the devices of the storagedevice 1300 based on whether the storage device is in a normal mode ofoperation or the power saving mode. In this implementation, thisadditional power manager may be connected to the auxiliary voltage AUXPand other components of the controller (e.g., timer 1332 and/or sensor1334) may be selectively connected to the auxiliary power by thisadditional power manager (e.g., selectively connected to auxiliary powerin the power saving mode). This additional power manager may act todetect an interruption of power supplied to the storage device 1300(e.g., neither main voltage MNP nor auxiliary voltage AUXP are supplied)and act to avoid interruption of the components of the storage device1300 that were being supplied with power (e.g., components that weresupplied with either the main power or the auxiliary power at the timeof the detected power interruption) by providing a backup power (e.g.,from a battery, such as a capacitor) to those components. Thisadditional power manager may also be configured to operate the storagedevice 1300 in other modes to reduce power consumption other than thepower saving mode described herein. In some examples, power manager 1600may be implemented as an element of the storage device 1300 (and operatein conjunction with the host 1100 and remaining elements of the storagedevice 1300 as described herein). In this example, an additional powermanager located outside the storage device 1300 may not be necessary.Example operations based on the auxiliary voltage AUXP will be describedbelow.

The auxiliary voltage AUXP may be separate from the main voltage MNP. Insome examples, the auxiliary voltage AUXP may be separately suppliedfrom the main voltage MNP (i.e., each of the auxiliary voltage AUXP andthe main voltage MNP may be supplied to the storage device via separatededicated power supply lines). Power supplied based on the auxiliaryvoltage AUXP may be smaller than power supplied based on the mainvoltage MNP. For example, a voltage level of the auxiliary voltage AUXPmay be lower than a voltage level of the main voltage MNP.Alternatively, the voltage level of the auxiliary voltage AUXP may beidentical to the voltage level of the main voltage MNP, but an amount ofa current flowing based on the auxiliary voltage AUXP may be less thanan amount of a current flowing based on the main voltage MNP. Forexample, the power supplied by the auxiliary voltage AUXP may be lowerthan the power supplied by the main voltage MNP. The auxiliary voltageAUXP may be suitable for the power saving mode.

The controller 1330 may include one or more hardware components (e.g.,an analog circuit, a logic circuit, and/or the like) which areconfigured to perform operations described above and to be describedbelow. In this example, the controller 1330 includes processor 1331,timer 1332, status manager 1333, sensor 1334, and internal memory 1335(each of which may be formed as a circuit, hardware or firmware formedas an integrated circuit within one or more semiconductor chips).

However, a configuration of the controller 1330 is not limited toillustration of FIG. 2. The controller 1330 may not include one or moreof the components illustrated in FIG. 2, and/or may further include acomponent which is not illustrated in FIG. 2.

In addition, FIG. 2 illustrates that the timer 1332, the status manager1333, and the sensor 1334 are included in the controller 1330, but thepresent invention is not limited thereto. In some example embodiments,at least one of the timer 1332, the status manager 1333, and/or thesensor 1334 may be provided outside the controller 1330, or may be anindependent component which is separate from the storage device 1300.The configuration of the controller 1330 of FIG. 2 is provided tofacilitate better understanding, and is not intended to limit thepresent invention.

The processor 1331 may include one or more processor cores. Some ofoperations of the controller 1330 described above and to be describedbelow may be implemented in a program code of firmware FW and/orsoftware that configures the processor 1331, and the processor core(s)of the processor 1331 may execute an instruction set of the program codeto provide intended operations. The processor 1331 may process variousarithmetic/logical operations to execute the instruction set.

The timer 1332 may determine that a reference time has elapsed (thereference time may be referred to herein as a predetermined duration,predetermined time period, etc.). For example, the timer 1332 mayinclude a hardware circuit (e.g., a timer circuit, a counter circuit,etc.) which is capable of measuring a time lapse. For example, thereference time for the timer 1332 may be set based on a control of theprocessor 1331 (according to execution of the firmware FW) and/or acontrol of other manner. The timer 1332 may be configured to output asignal when the timer 1332 determines that the reference time elapses orexpires.

The status manager 1333 may collect and manage information of variousstatuses associated with an operation of the storage device 1300. Forexample, the status manager 1333 may collect and manage information ofone or more circumstances (e.g., a temperature, a clock frequency, abandwidth, etc.) in which the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 andthe controller 1330 operate. For example, the status manager 1333 maycollect and manage information of attributes (e.g., a wear level, anamount of invalid memory regions (such as a percentage invalid memoryregions of all, some or one of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319,or a ratio of invalid to valid memory regions of all, some or one of thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319), an available capacity, etc.) ofmemory regions included in the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319.Invalid memory regions may comprise memory regions containing old datathat is no longer valid (which may require erasure prior to writingaccording to some nonvolatile memory types, such as NAND flash memory).An available capacity of memory regions may denote a size of memory thatis currently available for writing data. When the memory devices 1311,1312 . . . 1319 are NAND flash memory chips, the memory regions may beblocks of memory each of which forms a minimal erasure unit in a NANDflash memory chip.

The status manager 1333 may include an independent hardware circuitwhich is capable of monitoring an operation of the storage device 1300and storing the collected information. Alternatively, the status manager1333 may be implemented as a portion of the firmware FW configuring theprocessor 1331 and thus may be executed by the processor 1331.

The sensor 1334 may sense various events which occur with regard to anoperation of the storage device 1300. The sensor 1334 may include ahardware circuit which is configured to sense an event of an intendedtype. For example, when the sensor 1334 includes a temperature sensorfor sensing a temperature at which the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . .1319 and the controller 1330 operate, the sensor 1334 may include ahardware circuit (e.g., a bandgap reference (BGR) circuit) which issuitable for temperature sensing.

The internal memory 1335 may store data which is used in an operation ofthe controller 1330. For example, the internal memory 1335 may include avolatile memory such as an SRAM, a DRAM, or an SDRAM, and/or anonvolatile memory such as a PRAM, an MRAM, a ReRAM, or an FRAM. Forexample, the internal memory 1335 may store information associated withthe maintenance operation which is performed between the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330.

In example embodiments, the maintenance operation may include variousoperations for improving an operation circumstance and a characteristicof the storage device 1300. For example, when there is a risk thatreliability of data stored in the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319is to be degraded, the maintenance operation may be performed to improveand guarantee data reliability. However, the present invention is notlimited thereto, and the maintenance operation may be variously changedor modified. To facilitate better understanding, some examplemaintenance operations will be described below.

The storage device 1300 may be a device which operates passively inaccordance with a command and a request of the host 1100. However, whenthe maintenance operation is performed passively, it may be insufficientto improve the operation circumstance and the characteristic of thestorage device 1300, and an error or a failure may occur in an operationof the storage device 1300.

In example embodiments, the storage device 1300 may initiate and/orperform the maintenance operation actively without an instruction orintervention of the host 1100. For example, as the controller 1330communicates with at least one of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . .1319, the maintenance operation may be performed between the controller1330 and the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319.

For example, even when the host 1100 fails to recognize the statusassociated with the operation of the storage device 1300 or the host1100 is very busy to control the storage device 1300, the maintenanceoperation may be performed. Accordingly, even if the host 1100 does notintervene, reliability, performance, and management efficiency of thestorage device 1300 may be improved.

In some examples, the storage device 1300 may output a notification NTFto the host 1100 to notify the host 1100 that the maintenance operationis to be performed. For example, the notification NTF may be output fromthe controller 1330, or may be output from a component included in thecontroller 1330 or from other component not included in the controller1330. For example, the other component may directly output thenotification NTF under control of the controller 1330 (e.g., in responseto the timer 1332 when a predetermined duration has elapsed), or thecontroller 1330 may generate the notification NTF in a format to betransmitted to the host 1100 based on an output of other component. Thenotification NTF may form a wake up request that may request the host1100 cause the initiation of exiting the storage device 1300 from thepower saving mode.

An interface protocol may be employed for communication between the host1100 and the controller 1330. In some example embodiments, thenotification NTF may be output using a specific signal or through aspecific pin defined in the interface protocol, or may be output througha channel for exchanging the data DAT. In some example embodiments, thenotification NTF may be output according to a separate communication notcorresponding to the interface protocol that may otherwise beimplemented.

However, the above examples are provided to facilitate betterunderstanding, and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Thenotification NTF may be variously changed or modified to performsuitable processing with regard to performing the maintenance operation.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing an example operation of the storagedevice 1300 of FIG. 2.

In some examples, the method of FIG. 3 may be initiated as part of thestorage device 1300 entering the power saving mode in which operationsof the controller 1330 and memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 arepartially or fully stopped. In other examples, the method of FIG. 3 maybe initiated periodically at regularly spaced intervals, such as upon aninitial startup operation of the controller 1330 and repeated upon eachcompletion of the method of FIG. 3. The controller 1330 may manage amaintenance condition (S130 a). The maintenance condition may beassociated with whether the maintenance operation is required. When themaintenance condition is not yet satisfied (No of S130 a), thecontroller 1330 may continue to monitor whether the maintenancecondition is satisfied. The controller 1330 may monitor the maintenancecondition actively by using the timer 1332, the status manager 1333, andthe like, without intervention of the host 1100.

For example, the controller 1330 may monitor a status associated withthe memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 via status monitor 1333. Thecontroller 1330 may manage whether the monitored status satisfies themaintenance condition. For example, the status monitored by the statusmonitor 1333 of controller 1330 may be associated with variousattributes such as a lifespan of each of the memory devices 1311, 1312 .. . 1319, reliability of data stored in each of the memory devices 1311,1312 . . . 1319, an available capacity of the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319, etc.

When the maintenance condition is satisfied (Yes of S130 a), this maymean that it is required to improve the operation circumstance and thecharacteristic of the storage device 1300 by performing the maintenanceoperation in the storage device 1300. The storage device 1300 may intendto initiate the maintenance operation to improve the operationcircumstance and the characteristic of the storage device 1300.

For example, when a numerical value of the monitored status reaches areference value, the controller 1330 may determine that the monitoredstatus satisfies the maintenance condition. For example, the controller1330 may monitor the available capacity of the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319. When the available capacity of the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319 becomes smaller than the reference value, the controller 1330may determine that the maintenance condition for increasing theavailable capacity is satisfied.

In some example embodiments, the controller 1330 may manage aninitiation condition (S130 b). The initiation condition may beassociated with whether to initiate the maintenance operation.

When the initiation condition is not yet satisfied (No of S130 b), thecontroller 1330 may not initiate the maintenance operation until theinitiation condition is satisfied. The maintenance operation may beinitiated and performed in response to the initiation condition beingsatisfied (Yes of S130 b) after the monitored status satisfies themaintenance condition (Yes of S130 a). In some examples, step S130 b maybe omitted and an initiation condition need not be satisfied for themethod to proceed to step S150.

For example, while the storage device 1300 provides a storage service tostore and output data, performing the maintenance operation may be aburden on the storage device 1300. Accordingly, for example, theinitiation condition may be associated with whether system resources areavailable for the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and thecontroller 1330 to perform the maintenance operation. In some examples,the maintenance operation may be more important than the storageservice, and the initiation condition may be determining that thepriority of the maintenance operation is higher than those previouslyoccupying available system resources.

For example, when a reference time passes after entering the powersaving mode (i.e., after the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 andthe controller 1330 have stopped an operation (fully or partially)) orwhen it is determined that the storage device 1300 is not currentlybeing used (e.g., used in access operations to exchange data with ahost), the controller 1330 may determine that the memory devices 1311,1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 have availability to perform themaintenance operation.

After the maintenance condition is satisfied, in response to theinitiation condition being satisfied, the storage device 1300 may outputthe notification NTF to the host 1100 to notify host 1100 that themaintenance operation is to be performed (S150). In response to themaintenance condition and the initiation condition being satisfied, themaintenance operation may be initiated and performed on the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 by the controller 1330 (S170).

In some cases, a circumstance which is suitable to perform themaintenance operation may be absent. For example, when the main voltageMNP is not received, the storage device 1300 may be unable to performthe maintenance operation. For example, data to be referenced in themaintenance operation may be only available from an external source,such as from the host 1100. In these cases, the storage device 1300 mayrequire the main voltage MNP and/or the reference data of the host 1100to perform the maintenance operation.

In some example embodiments, the host 1100 may set a circumstance, inwhich the maintenance operation is to be performed, in response to thenotification NTF. For example, in response to the notification NTF, thehost 1100 may control the power manager 1600 such that the main voltageMNP is provided to the storage device 1300, and/or may provide thestorage device 1300 with the data to be referenced in the maintenanceoperation. As such, the circumstance suitable for the maintenanceoperation may be provided under the control of the host 1100 in responseto the notification NTF.

For example, a first circumstance may be suitable for the maintenanceoperation, but the controller 1330 may be in a second circumstancedifferent from the first circumstance. While the controller 1330 is inthe second circumstance, the controller 1330 may determine that themonitored status satisfies the maintenance condition (and the initiationcondition) for performing the maintenance operation. Afterwards, basedon the notification NTF, the second circumstance may be changed to thefirst circumstance under control of the host 1100. Accordingly, thefirst circumstance suitable for the maintenance operation may beprovided.

In the provided circumstance (e.g., the first circumstance), thecontroller 1330 may communicate with at least one of the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 such that the maintenance operation associatedwith the monitored status is performed. Accordingly, the maintenanceoperation may be performed in the first circumstance, and the firstcircumstance may be set under control of the host 1100.

The maintenance operation may be performed without intervention of orcontrol by the host 1100 (except for providing the suitable circumstancebased on the notification NTF if needed). The storage device 1300 maydetermine the maintenance condition and may initiate and perform themaintenance operation by itself without intervention, instructions,commands, control, etc. by the host 1100. The host 1100 may just providethe circumstance suitable for the maintenance operation. Accordingly,resources of the host 1100 to perform the maintenance operation may beminimized.

After the maintenance operation is completed, the operation states ofthe memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 mayreturn to operation states before the maintenance operation is performed(S180). For example, when the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 andthe controller 1330 have entered the normal mode from the power savingmode to perform the maintenance operation, the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may return to the power saving modeafter the maintenance operation is completed.

For example, when the controller 1330 has suspended monitoring of thestatus associated with the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 toperform the maintenance operation, the controller 1330 may resume themonitoring after the maintenance operation is completed. As such, afterthe maintenance operation is completed, the first circumstance suitablefor the maintenance operation may be changed to the second circumstancedifferent from the first circumstance.

The monitored status may be changed as the maintenance operation isperformed. For example, when the maintenance operation for increasing anavailable capacity is performed, the available capacity after themaintenance operation is completed may increase compared with anavailable capacity before the maintenance operation is performed.

As such, a monitored status before the maintenance operation isperformed may be different from a monitored status after the maintenanceoperation is completed. The maintenance operation may be performed tochange (e.g., improve) the status associated with the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319.

It has been described that the initiation condition is separate from themaintenance condition. However, some example embodiments may beimplemented such that a separate initiation condition need not bemonitored and/or satisfied. In such example embodiments, when themonitored status satisfies the maintenance condition in step S130 b, thestorage device 1300 may output the notification NTF and may perform themaintenance operation.

In addition, it may be readily understood that the monitored status, themaintenance condition, and the initiation condition described above areonly some of possible examples and may be variously changed or modifiedwithout being limited to the above examples. To facilitate betterunderstanding, some example embodiments will be described with referenceto FIGS. 4 to 15.

FIGS. 4 to 6 are conceptual diagrams for describing an example operationof the storage device 1300 of FIG. 2 according to some exampleembodiments. FIG. 7 is a flowchart describing an example operation ofFIGS. 4 to 6. For ease of explanation, only a single power supply linefrom power manager 1600 t storage device 1300 is shown, but severalpower supply lines may be used (such as shown in FIG. 2). In describingthe example operations of the storage device 1300, greyed-out portionsof the figures in this disclosure indicate elements of the storagedevice 1300 that are off (e.g., shutdown and/or not receiving any power)with respect to these example operations.

Referring to FIG. 4, the host 1100 and/or the controller 1330 maydetermine that the storage device 1300 should enter the power savingmode (S210 of FIG. 7). Under control of the host 1100 and/or thecontroller 1330, the operation state of the storage device 1300 may beswitched from the normal mode to the power saving mode (operation [1] ofFIG. 4).

In response to the switching from the normal mode to the power savingmode, the controller 1330 (e.g., according to execution of the firmwareFW, the processor 1331) may set the reference time for the timer 1332(operation [2] of FIG. 4, S220 of FIG. 7) and initiate operation of thetimer 1332. Upon its initiation, the timer 1332 may start to measurelapsed time after its initiation and determine the expiration of thereference time after the timer 1332 initiation without intervention ofthe host 1100.

For example, the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may be flashmemory semiconductor chips. When a memory cell of the flash memory isleft without power being supplied for a long time, data of the memorycell may be lost due to charge leakage from a charge storage element ofthe memory cell (which may cause degradation of data reliability). AsNAND flash memory cells are configured to store larger number of bits, avoltage margin for data determination may become smaller. Accordingly, amemory cell storing a plurality of bits may be more vulnerable to chargeleakage causing erroneous data determination of bits stored therein.

For example, the reference time of the timer 1332 may be selected takinginto account a time length which may guarantee data reliability of thememory cell while power is not supplied. The reference time may be setto perform the maintenance operation for guaranteeing data reliability(hereinafter referred to as a data retention operation) before the datais lost.

The reference time may be selected to be fixed or variable by adesigner, a manufacturer, and/or a user. For example, the controller1330 may comprise a programmable register (not shown) that may beprogrammed to store a reference time received from an external source.The programmable register may comprise a non-volatile register, that maybe programmed by the host 1100 in response to a program command from thehost 1100 to the controller 1330. For example, the programmable registermay comprise a fuse or anti-fuse set that may be programmed duringmanufacturing (e.g., with a laser). For example, the reference time maybe adjustable by the controller 1330 depending on a reliability status(e.g., a wear level, data reliability, lifespan, etc.) of the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 as determined by the status manager 1333.

The controller 1330 may monitor the status associated with the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 by using the timer 1332. For example, themonitored status may include a time duration in which data stored in thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 is retained without power beingreceived by the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319.

Meanwhile, in response to the switching from the normal mode to thepower saving mode, the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and thecontroller 1330 may stop an operation fully or partially (illustrated byshading). However, in the power saving mode, the timer 1332 may stilloperate to determine the time lapse has reached the reference time. Thesupply of the main voltage MNP may be interrupted, but the auxiliaryvoltage AUXP may be received to operate the timer 1332 (operation [3] ofFIG. 4, S220 of FIG. 7).

When the reference time as determined by the timer 1332 does not elapseor expire (No of S230 of FIG. 7), the timer 1332 may continue to monitorthe reference time. On the other hand, referring to FIG. 5, when thereference time monitored by the timer 1332 elapses or expires (Yes ofS230 of FIG. 7), the timer 1332 may output a signal indicating the lapseor expiration of the reference time (operation [4] of FIG. 5).

The storage device 1300 may output the notification NTF to the host 1100based on the signal output from the timer 1332 (i.e., based on the lapseor expiration of the reference time) (operation [5] of FIG. 5, S250 ofFIG. 7). The notification NTF may be output to notify that there is arisk that data is to be lost and thus the data retention operation is tobe performed. The notification NTF may be a request to the host 1100 toinitiate exiting of the power saving mode of the storage device 1300(e.g., a request to wake up the storage device 1300).

In this example, it may be understood that the maintenance condition issatisfied when the reference time passes while power (e.g., the mainvoltage MNP) is not received after the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . .1319 store data. It should be understood that the initiation conditionneed not be satisfied in order to output the notification NTF.

In some example embodiments, the controller 1330 may be configured tocommunicate with the host 1100 in compliance with the PCIe protocol. Insuch example embodiments, for example, the notification NTF may beoutput based on a WAKE # signal defined in the PCIe protocol.

The WAKE # signal may be used to switch an operation state of thestorage device 1300 based on the auxiliary voltage AUXP, and thus may beemployed usefully to communicate with the host 1100 in the power savingmode. However, this example is provided to facilitate betterunderstanding, and the manner of outputting the notification NTF may bevariously changed or modified as described above.

The host 1100 may control the power manager 1600 based on thenotification NTF such that the main voltage MNP is supplied to thestorage device 1300 (operation [6] of FIG. 5). Under control of the host1100, the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330may receive the main voltage MNP to operate in the normal mode(operation [7] of FIG. 5, S270 a of FIG. 7), and the supply of theauxiliary voltage AUXP may be interrupted. Accordingly, the switchingfrom the power saving mode to the normal mode may be provided, and acircumstance suitable for the data retention operation may be provided.

In the provided circumstance (e.g., in the normal mode), the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may start themaintenance operation in response to power (e.g., the main voltage MNP)being received (e.g., the controller 1330 may be responsive to the startof providing the main voltage MNP to the storage device 1300 to initiatethe maintenance operation(s) of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . .1319). In some examples, providing main voltage MNP (an operationvoltage) to the storage device 1300 is the only action that is needed bythe host 1100 to cause initiation of the maintenance operation(s), and aseparate command or other signal(s) provided from the host 1100 to thestorage device 1300 are unnecessary. As the controller 1330 communicateswith the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319, the data retentionoperation may be performed between the controller 1330 and the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 using the power (e.g., the main voltageMNP) (operation [8] of FIG. 5, S270 b of FIG. 7).

The data retention operation may be performed with regard to data storedin the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. The data retentionoperation may be performed in response to the lapse or expiration of thereference time such that data stored in memory cells of the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 is not lost.

For example, the data retention operation may include operations ofreading the data stored in the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 andstoring the read data in the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. Theseoperations may be referred to as a read reclaim operation. According tothe read reclaim operation, an adjustable physical characteristic of amemory cell that is compared to a reference value to determine datastored by the memory cell may be adjusted to correspond to the dataintended to be stored by the memory cell. For example, a charge amountof a memory cell may be recharged (e.g., adjusted) to correspond tointended data of the memory cell. For example, a resistance value of amemory cell may be adjusted to correspond to the intended data of thememory cell. For example, a read reclaim operation with respect to amemory device (e.g. one of 131, 1312, . . . 1319)—each of which may be anon-volatile memory semiconductor chip—may read data from a page ofmemory cells of an array of memory cells, such as NAND flash memorycells or other non-volatile memory cells, to a page buffer of the memorydevice. The read reclaim operation may then perform a program operationto write the data stored in the page buffer directly to the same pagefrom which the data has just been read without transferring the readdata from the page buffer and/or modifying the data in the page buffer.In performing the programming operation to write the data stored in thepage buffer, the adjustable physical characteristic (e.g., resistancevalue or charge storage) of memory cells of the page of memory cellsthat do not correspond to a desired level (e.g., to or above acorresponding predetermined level and/or within a correspondingpredetermined range) may be adjusted to a corresponding desired levelAccordingly, data may be retained before the data is lost. The readreclaim operation may be a refresh operation of data stored in thenonvolatile memory. However, the present invention is not limitedthereto, and the data retention operation may be variously changed ormodified such that data is retained before the data is lost. Forexample, as part of a read reclaim operation, erroneous data bits ofread data may be detected and corrected using an error correctioncircuit and error correction code. The error correction circuit may bepart of the storage device 1300 (e.g., part of controller 1330) or maybe provided externally to the storage device 1300 (e.g., as part of thehost 1100). In the latter instance, a read reclaim operation maycomprise transmitting read data to the error correction circuit locatedexternally to the storage device and receiving corrected data to bewritten to the storage device. In some instances, in this latterapproach, the read data may remain in the page buffer to have certainbits corrected and/or corrected data may be stored in the memory arrayat pages other than the page from which the data was originally read.

As such, the storage device 1300 may determine the maintenance conditionby itself and thus may perform the data retention operationindependently. The host 1100 may not intervene in the data retentionoperation except for controlling the supply of the main voltage MNP tocause the switching to the normal mode. Accordingly, the data retentionoperation may be performed efficiently, and data reliability may beimproved.

Referring to FIG. 6, after the data retention operation is completed,the controller 1330 may provide the host 1100 with informationassociated with a result of the data retention operation. For example,the controller 1330 may notify the host 1100 that the data retentionoperation is done (operation [9] of FIG. 6, S280 a of FIG. 7).Afterwards, under control of the host 1100 and/or the controller 1330,the operation state of the storage device 1300 may be switched from thenormal mode to the power saving mode (operation [10] of FIG. 6).

In response to the switching from the normal mode to the power savingmode, the reference time of the timer 1332 may be set (operation [11] ofFIG. 6, S280 b of FIG. 7), and the timer 1332 may start to monitor thereference time without intervention of the host 1100. The memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may stop operations fullyor partially.

The supply of the main voltage MNP may be interrupted, but the auxiliaryvoltage AUXP may be received to operate the timer 1332 (operation [12]of FIG. 6, S280 b of FIG. 7). Accordingly, the operation states of thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may returnto operation states before the data retention operation is performed.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are conceptual diagrams for describing an exampleoperation of the storage device 1300 of FIG. 2 according to some exampleembodiments. FIG. 10 is a flowchart describing an example operation ofFIGS. 8 and 9.

Referring to FIG. 8, the controller 1330 may monitor a status associatedwith the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 by using the statusmanager 1333 (operation [1] of FIG. 8, S305 of FIG. 10). For example,the monitored status may include wear levels of memory regions includedin the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319, a ratio of invalid memoryregions of the memory regions included in the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319, an available capacity of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . .1319, etc., but the present invention is not limited thereto.

The controller 1330 may determine whether the monitored status satisfiesthe maintenance condition, by using the status manager 1333 (S330 ofFIG. 10). For example, when a numerical value of the monitored statusreaches a corresponding threshold value, the maintenance condition maybe satisfied. The threshold value may be selected (e.g., programmed)taking into account a degree of a status in which the maintenanceoperation is required.

For example, when a memory device includes memory regions having highwear levels, data stored in the memory device may become unreliable.When one or more of the wear levels reach a first threshold value (e.g.,become higher than the first threshold value), the maintenance conditionfor guaranteeing data reliability may be satisfied.

For example, when a ratio of invalid memory regions of the memoryregions included in a memory device increases, an access to the memorydevice may become inefficient. When the ratio of the invalid memoryregions reaches a second threshold value (e.g., becomes higher than thesecond threshold value), the maintenance condition for an efficientmemory access may be satisfied.

For example, when an available capacity of the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319 decreases, it may become difficult to store additional piecesof data. When the available capacity reaches a third threshold value(e.g., becomes lower than the third threshold value), the maintenancecondition for increasing the available capacity may be satisfied.

When the maintenance condition is not satisfied (No of S330 of FIG. 10),the controller 1330 may still monitor the status associated with thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. When it is determined that themaintenance condition is satisfied (operation [2] of FIG. 8, Yes of S330of FIG. 10), the storage device 1300 may output the notification NTFbased on the determination (operation [3] of FIG. 8, S350 of FIG. 10).The notification NTF may be maintenance notification to the host 1100 inresponse to determining that one or more of the nonvolatile memorydevices require maintenance to provide a period of time in which thesolid state storage device may not be accessed by the host 1100 duringwhich the controller may perform one or more maintenance operations onthe one or more nonvolatile devices.

The notification NTF may be output to notify that the maintenanceoperation for improving the monitored status (hereinafter referred to amanagement operation) is to be performed. For example, the notificationNTF may be output using the WAKE # signal or may be output through achannel for exchanging the data DAT. However, this example is providedto facilitate better understanding, and the manner of outputting thenotification NTF may be variously changed or modified as describedabove.

In some cases, the command CMD of the host 1100 may be required toperform the management operation. In some cases, data INF1 to bereferenced to perform the management operation may be stored only in thehost 1100. In such cases, the host 1100 may provide the command CMDand/or the data INF1 to the storage device 1300 (operation [4] of FIG.8, S370 a of FIG. 10). For example, INF1 may identify an idle time ofthe host 1100 in which the host 1100 is not scheduled to access orotherwise communicate with storage device 1300. The controller 1330 maybe responsive to the idle time (received as INF1) to perform maintenanceoperations on the memory devices 1311, 1312, . . . 1319 during the idletime and to discontinue maintenance operations on the memory devices1311, 1312, . . . 1319 upon expiration of the idle time. In someexamples, data INF1 may comprise wear levels of blocks of memory of thememory devices 1311, 1312, . . . 1319, bad block information comprisingphysical addresses of bad blocks that should not be used in any datawriting maintenance operations, address mapping correlating logicaladdress to physical addresses of the memory devices 1311, 1312, . . .1319, etc. Accordingly, under control of the host 1100, a circumstancesuitable for the management operation may be provided. On the otherhand, when the management operation which does not requires the commandCMD and the data INF1 is performed, this process regarding the data INF1may be omitted.

In the provided circumstance (e.g., based on the command CMD and/or thedata INF1), as the controller 1330 communicates with the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319, the management operation may be performed by thecontroller 1330 on the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 (operation[5] of FIG. 8, S370 b of FIG. 10).

For example, when one or more of the wear levels reach the referencevalue, the management operation may be performed such that data of amemory region having a wear level which reaches the first thresholdvalue migrates to a memory region having a wear level which does notreach the first threshold value among the memory regions of the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. In this case, the data may be stored in amemory region having a low wear level (i.e., providing highreliability).

For example, when the ratio of invalid memory regions in a memory devicereaches the second threshold value, the management operation may includea garbage collection operation for moving data of valid memory regionsof memory regions included in the memory device or included in anothermemory device. In this case, the data of the valid memory regions may bestored in the minimum number of memory devices, and an efficient memoryaccess may become available.

For example, when the available capacity is less than the thirdthreshold value, the management operation may include operations ofuploading data stored in the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 to aremote server (e.g., a cloud storage) through the communication block1400 and deleting the corresponding data from the memory devices 1311,1312 . . . 1319. In this case, the available capacity of the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 may increase.

As such, the storage device 1300 may determine the maintenance conditionby itself and thus may perform the management operation actively. Inthis example, the host 1100 may not be required to participate in themanagement operation except for providing the command CMD and the dataINF1 required for the management operation. Accordingly, the managementoperation may be performed efficiently, and reliability, performance,and management efficiency of the storage device 1300 may be improved.

The above management operations are intended to provide some of possibleexample embodiments to facilitate better understanding, and are notintended to limit the present invention. The management operation may bevariously changed or modified to improve a status associated with thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. The management operations may beperformed in parallel (e.g., simultaneously or concurrently) orsequentially on two or more statuses.

Referring to FIG. 9, after the management operation is completed, thecontroller 1330 may provide the host 1100 with information associatedwith a result of the management operation (operation [6] of FIG. 9, S380a of FIG. 10). For example, the controller 1330 may notify the host 1100that the management operation is done.

In some cases, data may migrate among the memory devices 1311, 1312 . .. 1319. In such cases, the controller 1330 may provide information INF2to the host 1100 to notify a location (e.g., address(es)) of a newmemory region where the migrated data is stored. A request (e.g., awrite/read request) which is received from the host 1100 after themanagement operation is completed may be directed to the new memoryregion based on the information INF2. Besides, the information INF2 mayinclude a variety of information associated with a result of themanagement operation.

On the other hand, some management operations may not generateinformation to be provided to the host 1100. In this case, this processregarding the information INF2 may be omitted.

Afterwards, the controller 1330 may monitor a status associated with thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 by using the status manager 1333(operation [7] of FIG. 9, S380 b of FIG. 10). Accordingly, the operationstates of the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller1330 may return to operation states before the management operation isperformed.

FIGS. 11 to 14 are conceptual diagrams for describing an exampleoperation of the storage device 1300 of FIG. 2 according to some exampleembodiments. FIG. 15 is a flowchart describing an example operation ofFIGS. 11 to 14.

Referring to FIG. 11, under control of the host 1100 and/or thecontroller 1330, an operation of the normal mode may be provided(operation [1] of FIG. 11). In the normal mode, the power manager 1600may provide the main voltage MNP to the storage device 1300, and thesupply of the auxiliary voltage AUXP may be interrupted (operation [2]of FIG. 11).

The controller 1330 may monitor a status associated with the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 by using the status manager 1333, based onpower (e.g., the main voltage MNP) received in the normal mode(operation [3] of FIG. 11, S405 of FIG. 15). When the maintenancecondition is not satisfied (No of S430 a of FIG. 15), the controller1330 may continue monitor the status associated with the memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319.

During the monitoring of the status (S405, S430 a of FIG. 15), thecontroller 1330 may determine that the monitored status satisfies themaintenance condition (operation [4] of FIG. 11, Yes of S430 a of FIG.15). The controller 1330 may determine whether the initiation conditionis satisfied (e.g., whether resources are available for the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 to perform themanagement operation) (S431 of FIG. 15), instead of immediatelyoutputting the notification NTF based on the determination of themaintenance condition.

When the initiation condition is satisfied (Yes of S431 of FIG. 15), themanagement operation may be performed on the memory devices 1311, 1312 .. . 1319 by the controller 1330 (S435 of FIG. 15). However, when theinitiation condition is not satisfied (e.g., when the storage device1300 is busy, such as being occupied by access operations at the requestof host 1100) (No of S431 of FIG. 15), the management operation may notbe performed immediately and may be postponed. In this example, theinitiation condition may be provided independently of the maintenancecondition. For example, when the switching to the power saving mode isnot provided (No of S410 of FIG. 15), the management operation may notbe performed. However, in some examples, when the switching to the powersaving mode is not provided (No of S410 of FIG. 15), the method mayrevert back to step S431 (to periodically check if the initiationcondition is satisfied or may revert back to step S405 (to continue tomonitor operation status (S405) and to later periodically check if theinitiation condition (S431) is satisfied. During this repetitive loopoperation, if the storage device 1300 is to be put into a power savingsmode (S410), the method may proceed to step S420.

Referring to FIG. 12, under control of the host 1100 and/or thecontroller 1330, the switching to the power saving mode may be provided(operation [5] of FIG. 12, Yes of S410 of FIG. 15). In response to theswitching to the power saving mode, the reference time of the timer 1332may be set (operation [6] of FIG. 12, S420 of FIG. 15), and the timer1332 may start to monitor the reference time.

Meanwhile, the supply of the main voltage MNP may be interrupted, butthe auxiliary voltage AUXP may be received to operate the timer 1332(operation [7] of FIG. 12, S420 of FIG. 15). The memory devices 1311,1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may stop an operation fully orpartially.

When the reference time measured by the timer 1332 does not elapse orexpire (No of S430 b of FIG. 15), the timer 1332 may continue to monitorthe reference time. On the other hand, referring to FIG. 13, when thereference time elapses or expires (Yes of S430 b of FIG. 15), the timer1332 may output a signal indicating the lapse or expiration of thereference time (operation [8] of FIG. 13).

The reference time may be selected to be suitable to determine that thestorage device 1300 is idle. The lapses or expiration of the referencetime may mean that the storage device 1300 is idle during the referencetime. Accordingly, the lapse or expiration of the reference time may beregarded as the initiation condition being satisfied. In some examples,prior to expiration of a first period of the reference time monitored bythe timer 1332, the timer 1332 may be reset to monitor expiration of asecond period of the reference time in response to the storage device1300 being brought out of the power saving mode and/or put into normalmode (e.g., by a command from host 1100) and the timer 1332 may start tomonitor expiration of the second period of the reference time. Forexample, a command to be put into normal mode (e.g., by host 1100) maycause the method of FIG. 15 to revert back to step S405 and to performthe step of resetting the timer 1332 to monitor expiration of a secondperiod of the reference time.

The storage device 1300 may output the notification NTF to the host 1100based on the signal output from the timer 1332 (i.e., based on the lapseor expiration of the reference time) (operation [9] of FIG. 13, S450 ofFIG. 15). The notification NTF may be output to notify that themanagement operation is to be performed.

The host 1100 may control the power manager 1600 based on thenotification NTF such that the main voltage MNP is supplied to thestorage device 1300 (operation [10] of FIG. 13). Under control of thehost 1100, the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller1330 may receive the main voltage MNP to operate in the normal mode(operation [11] of FIG. 13, S470 a of FIG. 15), and the supply of theauxiliary voltage AUXP may be interrupted. Accordingly, the switching tothe normal mode may be provided, and a circumstance for performing themanagement operation may be provided.

In the provided circumstance (e.g., in the normal mode), the memorydevices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may start anoperation using the newly supplied power (e.g., the main voltage MNP).As the controller 1330 communicates with the memory devices 1311, 1312 .. . 1319, the management operation may be performed between thecontroller 1330 and the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 (operation[12] of FIG. 13, S470 b of FIG. 15).

Referring to FIG. 14, after the management operation is completed, thecontroller 1330 may provide the host 1100 with information associatedwith a result of the management operation (operation [13] of FIG. 14,S480 a of FIG. 15). Afterwards, under control of the host 1100 and/orthe controller 1330, the operation state of the storage device 1300 maybe switched back to the power saving mode (operation [14] of FIG. 14).

In response to the switching back to the power saving mode, thereference time of the timer 1332 may be set (operation [15] of FIG. 14,S480 b of FIG. 15), and the timer 1332 may start to measure thereference time without intervention of the host 1100. The memory devices1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may stop an operationfully or partially.

The supply of the main voltage MNP may be interrupted, but the auxiliaryvoltage AUXP may be received to operate the timer 1332 (operation [16]of FIG. 14, S480 b of FIG. 15). Accordingly, the operation states of thememory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and the controller 1330 may returnto operation states before the management operation is performed.

Example maintenance operations have been described above, but it may bereadily understood that the present invention may be variously changedor modified from the above example embodiments. As described above, themaintenance operation may be performed according to predeterminedprocedures. Alternatively, the maintenance operation may be performedaccording to a procedure selected from among a plurality of proceduresbased on a condition. In some example embodiments, a kind and a mannerof the maintenance operation may be updated or modified by the user orthe storage device 1300.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an example configurationassociated with the storage device 1300 of FIG. 2.

The sensor 1334 may sense various kinds of events. An event detected bythe sensor 1334 may be referenced as the maintenance condition and/orthe initiation condition.

For example, the sensor 1334 may include a temperature sensor. Thetemperature sensor may be used to measure or estimate a temperature ofthe memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 and/or an ambient temperatureof in which the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319 operate (e.g., thetemperature of an internal space in the housing of the solid statestorage device in which the memory devices operate). When a temperatureof a memory device is higher than or equal to the reference value, datastored in the memory device may become unreliable. Accordingly, when thetemperature measured or estimated by the temperature sensor is higherthan or equal to the reference value, the maintenance condition may besatisfied.

For example, the sensor 1334 may include a voltage/current sensor (avoltage sensor and/or a current sensor). The voltage/current sensor maybe used to monitor (e.g., measure) a voltage and/or a current providedto the memory devices 1311, 1312 . . . 1319. When an excessive voltageor current is provided to a memory device, an error may occur in datastored in the memory device. Accordingly, when the voltage and/or thecurrent measured by the voltage/current sensor is higher than or equalto the reference value, the maintenance condition may be satisfied.

For example, the sensor 1334 may include a light sensor to detect lightexternal to the storage device 1330, a vision sensor to detect an eye ofa user, a gyroscope sensor to detect an orientation of the storagedevice 1300, etc. In some example embodiments, the light sensor, thevision sensor, and the gyroscope sensor may be provided outside thestorage device 1300 (e.g., mounted to an external surface of a housingof the storage device 1300).

For example, when the electronic system 1000 including the storagedevice 1300 is in a dark environment, when a user does not look at theelectronic system 1000 including the storage device 1300, or when theelectronic system 1000 including the storage device 1300 is on a planarsurface, these may mean that the storage device 1300 is not used (e.g.,idle).

When the electronic system 1000 is in a dark environment, the lightsensor may not sense light. When the user does not look at theelectronic system 1000, the vision sensor may not sense user's eyes. Thegyroscope sensor may sense that the electronic system 1000 is left onthe planar surface. Accordingly, the light sensor, the vision sensor,and the gyroscope sensor may be used to determine whether the initiationcondition is satisfied.

The above examples are intended to provide some of possible exampleembodiments, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Aconfiguration and an operation of the sensor 1334 may be variouslychanged or modified.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating an example configurationassociated with the storage device 1300 of FIG. 2.

The internal memory 1335 may store information associated with themaintenance operation. For example, when the management operation ispostponed as described with reference to FIGS. 11 to 15, the internalmemory 1335 may manage a list of management operations to be performedafter the initiation condition is satisfied. The controller 1330 mayrefer to the information of the internal memory 1335 to perform themaintenance operation.

In some cases, the maintenance operations may be performed for two ormore statuses. For example, the controller 1330 may monitor a firststatus and a second status associated with the memory devices 1311, 1312. . . 1319. The second status may be different from the first status.

When the first status satisfies a first maintenance condition, a firstmaintenance operation associated with the first status may be performed.In addition, when the second status satisfies a second maintenancecondition, a second maintenance operation associated with the secondstatus may be performed. Under control of the controller 1330, theinternal memory 1335 may manage a list of the first maintenanceoperation and the second maintenance operation to manage that the firstmaintenance operation and the second maintenance operation are to beperformed.

When both the first maintenance condition and the second maintenancecondition are satisfied, the controller 1330 may schedule a performanceorder of the first maintenance operation and the second maintenanceoperation, and may manage priorities based on the scheduled performanceorder in the internal memory 1335. The controller 1330 may refer to thelist of the internal memory 1335 such that the first maintenanceoperation and the second maintenance operation are performed based onthe scheduled performance order.

In some cases, a first initiation condition for initiating the firstmaintenance operation may be different from a second initiationcondition for initiating the second maintenance operation. Thecontroller 1330 may manage the initiation conditions for initiatingrespective maintenance operations in the internal memory 1335. Thecontroller 1330 may refer to the list of the internal memory 1335 suchthat the first maintenance operation and the second maintenanceoperation are performed based on the respective initiation conditions.

The above examples are provided to facilitate better understanding, andare not intended to limit the present invention. The information managedin the internal memory 1335 may be variously changed or modified.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of anelectronic system 2000 which includes storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303,and 2304 according to some example embodiments.

The electronic system 2000 may include a host 2100 and the plurality ofstorage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304. For example, the electronicsystem 2000 may be a large-scale electronic device such as a workstationor a server, or may be an electronic device providing a large storagecapacity.

The host 2100 may correspond to the host 1100 described with referenceto FIGS. 2 to 15. Each of the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304may correspond to the storage device 1300 described with reference toFIGS. 2 to 15, and may be connected to the host 2100 through a bus. Thestorage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may include memory devices2311, 2312, 2313, and 2314 and controllers 2331, 2332, 2333, and 2334,respectively. FIG. 18 illustrates four storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303,and 2304, but it may be readily understood that the number of storagedevices included in the electronic system 2000 may be variously changedor modified.

At least one of the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may beconfigured and operate to be substantially identical or similar to thestorage device 1300, and may initiate and perform the maintenanceoperation actively without intervention of the host 2100. Configurationsand operations of the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may beprovided as described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 17, and thusredundant description will be omitted below for brevity.

Meanwhile, when the plurality of storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and2304 is provided, the maintenance operation may be performed among thestorage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304. The storage devices 2301,2302, 2303, and 2304 may communicate with one another to perform themaintenance operation. This will be described with reference to FIGS. 19and 20.

The host 2100 may provide a circumstance suitable for the maintenanceoperation. However, the host 2100 may not intervene in the maintenanceoperation except for providing the suitable circumstance. For example,the host 2100 may not intervene in the maintenance operation until themaintenance operation is completed after the suitable circumstance isprovided.

FIG. 19 is a conceptual diagram for describing an example operation ofthe storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 of FIG. 18.

For example, one storage device 2301 among the storage devices 2301,2302, 2303, and 2304 may be configured and operate to be substantiallyidentical or similar to the storage device 1300. The storage device 2301may act as a master device such that the maintenance operation isperformed among the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 withoutintervention of the host 2100. The storage device 2301 may take chargeof the overall maintenance operation. However, the present invention isnot limited thereto, and the number of storage devices acting as amaster device may be variously changed or modified.

The storage device 2301 may monitor a status associated with the memorydevices 2311, 2312, 2313, and 2314 of the storage devices 2301, 2302,2303, and 2304 without intervention of the host 2100 (operation [1]). Tothis end, the storage device 2301 may directly access the storagedevices 2302, 2303, and 2304 or may receive status information from thestorage devices 2302, 2303, and 2304.

It is assumed that a status associated with the memory device 2313 ofthe storage device 2303 satisfies the maintenance condition. Forexample, as the storage device 2303 becomes deteriorated, data stored inthe memory device 2313 may become unreliable. The storage device 2301may determine the maintenance condition (operation [2]), and may outputthe notification NTF to the host 2100 based on the determination(operation [3]).

The host 2100 may provide a circumstance suitable for the maintenanceoperation based on the notification NTF. In the provided circumstance,the storage device 2301 may control the storage device 2303 such thatthe maintenance operation is performed (operation [4]). In response tothe control, the maintenance operation may be performed one selectedones or all of the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 (operation[5]).

For example, as the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304communicate with one another, the maintenance operation may be performedsuch that data stored in the storage device 2303 migrates to the storagedevices 2301, 2302, and 2304. Data reliability may be guaranteed as themaintenance operation is performed.

For example, when the electronic system 2000 is a server, after themaintenance operation is completed, the storage device 2301 and/or thestorage device 2303 may notify the host 2100 or a server manager personthat replacement of the storage device 2303 is required. For example,the storage device 2303 may provide a replacement notification byflickering of a lamp, output of an alarm sound, etc.

FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram for describing an example operation ofthe storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 of FIG. 18.

For example, all the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may beconfigured and operate to be substantially identical or similar to thestorage device 1300. Each of the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and2304 may act as a master device such that the maintenance operation isperformed among the storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 withoutintervention of the host 2100.

The storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may monitor a statusassociated with the memory devices 2311, 2312, 2313, and 2314 of thestorage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 without intervention of thehost 2100. The storage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 may mutuallyshare information of the monitored status, and may perform themaintenance operation actively based on the shared information.

For example, the storage device 2303 may monitor a status associatedwith the memory device 2313 without intervention of the host 2100(operation [1]). For example, as the storage device 2303 becomesdeteriorated, the status associated with the memory device 2313 maysatisfy the maintenance condition. The storage device 2303 may determinethe maintenance condition (operation [2]), and may output thenotification NTF to the host 2100 based on the determination (operation[3]).

The host 2100 may provide a circumstance suitable for the maintenanceoperation based on the notification NTF. In the provided circumstance,as the storage device 2303 communicates with the storage devices 2301,2302, and 2304, the maintenance operation may be performed among thestorage devices 2301, 2302, 2303, and 2304 (operation [4]). For example,the maintenance operation may be performed such that data stored in thestorage device 2303 migrates to the storage devices 2301, 2302, and2304.

The above descriptions are intended to provide example configurationsand operations. The present invention may include implementations whichmay be obtained by simply changing or modifying the above exampleembodiments, in addition to the above-described example embodiments. Forexample, example embodiments described herein show working memory 1200and power manager 1600 as being separate from storage device 1300.However, one or both of working memory 1200 and power manager 1600 maybe duplicated and/or made part of storage device 1300 (e.g., formed on asubstrate, such as a printed circuit board of the storage device 1300 onwhich controller 1300 and memory devices 1310 are also formed). Forexample, memory 1200 that may be formed as part of the storage device1300 may be a cache memory for the storage device 1300 (e.g., volatilememory, such as DRAM or SRAM, that has faster access times as comparedto non-volatile memory devices 1310 to quickly store received data priorto storage of the same in the non-volatile memory devices 1310). Asanother example, other modes of operation of the storage device 1300 maybe implemented to reduce power consumption in which devices are notfully turned off, such as putting memory devices 1310 into sleep mode inwhich the memory devices 1310 receive power but have certain portions ofthe memory devices 1310 turned off (such as a DLL circuit or PLL circuitof the memory devices which operate to establish synchronouscommunications with controller 1330). Controller 1330 may similarly beconfigured to operate in such a sleep mode. Also, the present inventionmay include implementations which may be accomplished by changing ormodifying the above-described example embodiments with devices andcomponents that are later developed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A solid state storage device comprising: aninterface to provide communication with a host; a plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices; and a controller configured to be incommunication with the nonvolatile memory devices to access thenonvolatile memory devices and configured to be in communication withthe interface to receive commands from the host and communicate datawith the host, wherein the controller comprises a status manager, thestatus manager being configured to cause a maintenance notification tobe sent to the host in response to determining that one or more of thenonvolatile memory devices require maintenance to provide a period oftime in which the solid state storage device may not be accessed by thehost during which the controller may perform one or more maintenanceoperations on the one or more nonvolatile devices determined to requiremaintenance.
 2. The solid state storage device of claim 1, wherein themaintenance notification is a WAKE # command according to peripheralcomponent interconnect express (PCIe) protocol.
 3. The solid statestorage device of claim 1, wherein the controller determines the periodof time in which to perform the one or more maintenance operations basedupon information received from the host.
 4. The solid state storagedevice of claim 3 wherein the information received by the controlleridentifies an idle time of the host, and wherein the controller isresponsive to the information to perform a read reclaim operation on theone or more of the nonvolatile memory devices during the identified idletime.
 5. The solid state storage device of claim 1, wherein the statusmanager is configured to cause the maintenance notification to be sentto the host in response to determining that the one or more of thenonvolatile memory devices have wear levels that have reached athreshold.
 6. The solid state storage device of claim 1, wherein thestatus manager is configured to cause the maintenance notification to besent to the host in response to determining that invalid memory regionsof the nonvolatile memory devices have reached a threshold.
 7. The solidstate storage device of claim 1, wherein the status manager isconfigured to cause the maintenance notification to be sent to the hostin response to determining that an available capacity of the nonvolatilememory devices has reached a threshold.
 8. The solid state storagedevice of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to perform aread reclaim operation on the one or more of the plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices during the period of time.
 9. The solid statestorage device of claim 1, wherein the status manager is configured tomonitor an attribute of memory regions of the plurality of nonvolatilememory devices, the monitored attribute comprising at least one of: awear level of each of the memory regions, an amount of invalid memoryregions, an available capacity of the memory regions, lifespan of eachof the memory regions, and reliability of data storage of each of thememory regions, and wherein the status manager is configured cause themaintenance notification to be sent to the host in response to acomparison of the monitored attribute to a threshold.
 10. A storagedevice comprising: a plurality of nonvolatile memory devices; acontroller connected to the plurality of nonvolatile memory devices; anda timer configured to be initiated upon the controller entering a powersaving mode and output a first signal upon expiration of a referencetime after initiation of the timer, wherein the controller is configuredto send a maintenance notification to an external host in response tothe first signal of the timer, and to perform one or more maintenanceoperations on one or more nonvolatile devices during a period of time inwhich the storage device may not be accessed by the external host. 11.The storage device of claim 10, wherein the storage device is operablein a normal mode in which the plurality of nonvolatile memory devicesare turned on and the controller operates at a normal power consumptionlevel, and wherein the storage device is operable in the power savingmode in which the plurality of nonvolatile memory devices are turned offand the controller operates at a reduced power level.
 12. The storagedevice of claim 10, wherein the storage device is configured to exit thepower saving mode in response to receiving main power from the externalhost during the power saving mode.
 13. The storage device of claim 12,wherein the controller is configured to perform a maintenance operationon the plurality of nonvolatile memory devices upon the exiting of thepower saving mode in response to receiving main power from the externalhost.
 14. The storage device of claim 13, the controller is configuredto put the storage device back into the power saving mode from thenormal mode in response to completion of the maintenance operation. 15.The storage device of claim 12, wherein upon the storage device exitingthe power saving mode, the controller is configured to perform a readreclaim operation automatically without instructions from the externalhost.
 16. The storage device of claim 10, wherein the maintenancenotification is a WAKE # command according to peripheral componentinterconnect express (PCIe) protocol.
 17. A electronic systemcomprising: a host; a power manager to selectively provide main powerand auxiliary power; and a storage device connected to the host andconnected to the power manager to receive the main power and auxiliarypower provided by the power manager wherein the storage devicecomprising: a plurality of nonvolatile memory devices; and a controllerconnected to the nonvolatile memory devices, wherein the storage deviceis configured to operate in a first mode and in a second mode, wherein,in the first mode the power manager provides the main power to thestorage device and in the second mode the power manager provides theauxiliary power to the storage device, wherein the controller isconfigured to monitor an attribute of memory regions of the plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices, and to send a notification of the host inresponse to determining that an initiation condition is satisfied bycomparing the monitored attribute to a threshold in the second mode, andwherein the host is configured to control the power manager to providethe main power to the storage device in response to the notification.18. The electronic system of claim 17, wherein the notification is aWAKE # command according to peripheral component interconnect express(PCIe) protocol.
 19. The electronic system of claim 17, wherein themonitored attribute comprising at least one of: a wear level of each ofthe memory regions, an amount of invalid memory regions, an availablecapacity of the memory regions, lifespan of each of the memory regions,and reliability of data storage of each of the memory regions.
 20. Theelectronic system of claim 17, wherein the storage device is configuredto exit the second mode in response to an initiation of receiving a mainpower from the power manager, and wherein the controller is configuredto perform a maintenance operation on the plurality of nonvolatilememory devices upon the exiting of the second mode.